Artificial Intelligence has uncanny parallels with a gothic novel written more thantwo centuries ago, which captured a fundamental truth: creation and responsibility are inseparable, writesPaul Budde.

IN1818, an 18-year-oldMary ShelleypublishedFrankenstein, a novel that reads today less as gothic fiction and more as a warning about technological ambition.

At its centre is Victor Frankenstein, a scientist who succeeds in creating life but fails to take responsibility for it. His downfall is not the act of invention, but his refusal to deal with its consequences.

That failure proves catastrophic.

Shelley was writing during theEnlightenment, an era built on faith in reason and progress. That belief still shapes how we think about technology today. We are told that technology is neutral merely a tool. Its effects depend on how it is used.

But this is increasingly untenable.

Technologies are shaped by the systems that create them commercial incentives, political interests and social dynamics. They are not neutral once deployed at scale. They actively shape behaviour, institutions and even truth itself.

As generative AI becomes an everyday tool for Australians, new OECD data exposes a dangerous gap between mass uptake and the absence of any serious national strategy to govern it.

Artificial intelligence is a case in point

AI systems are being developed at an extraordinary speed, introducing capabilities that are not fully understood. Yet the structures driving this development are dominated by competition: speed, scale and market control. Ethics is acknowledged, but rarely decisive.

The result is a growing responsibility gap.

No single actor fully owns the consequences. Governments lag behind, regulation is reactive, and corporations operate under pressure not to fall behind competitors. Responsibility is dispersed and therefore weakened.

We have seen this before

The rise of social media platforms was initially celebrated as a force for connection and democratisation. Instead, it has contributed to misinformation, polarisation and the erosion of democratic norms. These outcomes were not entirely unforeseen but they were not seriously addressed when it mattered.

Even now, meaningful reform struggles against business models built on engagement and growth.

This is not just a failure of foresight. It is a failure of responsibility.

Shelleys insight remains strikingly relevant. Frankensteins mistake was not innovation, but abandonment. He created something powerful and then stepped back, leaving society to deal with the consequences.

The real danger of artificial intelligence is not the code itself, but the economic system driving its deployment.

Today, that pattern is institutionalised. Innovation moves fast; accountability follows slowly, if at all.

If technology is not neutral, then responsibility cannot be optional.

This requires a shift in thinking. Ethical considerations must be embedded from the start, not added later. Regulation must anticipate, not react. And we need to question the assumption that faster innovation is always better.

More than two centuries ago, Shelley captured a fundamental truth: creation and responsibility are inseparable.

In the age of AI, that truth has become urgent

We are no longer dealing with isolated inventions, but with systems that shape societies. If we continue to innovate without accountability, we risk repeating Frankensteins mistake this time not in fiction, but at scale.

The question is no longer whether we can build these technologies.

It is whether we are prepared to take responsibility for what follows.

Paul Buddeis an IA columnist and managing director of independent telecommunications research and consultancy,Paul Budde Consulting. You can follow Paul@PaulBudde.

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